Researchers said the six-wheeled rover revealed geological features up to 35m underground while traversing 6.1km of terrain inside Jezero Crater, an area in the Martian northern hemisphere believed to have been flooded with water and home to an ancient lake basin long ago.
Perseverance identified layered sediments and eroded surfaces indicative of a delta environment, a large-scale fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed at the location where a river enters a larger body of water like a lake.
They estimated that the now-buried delta dates to about 3.7 to 4.2 billion years ago. Mars, like Earth, formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago, meaning this delta existed relatively early in its history.
The researchers said this delta predated a similar nearby surface feature called the Western Delta that dates to about 3.5 to 3.7 billion years ago.
The rover's RIMFAX instrument sends radar pulses downward and records pulses bouncing back off underground features, allowing a three-dimensional mapping of the sub-surface. The new findings were based on RIMFAX's deepest data collected to date, obtained from September 2023 to February 2024 over a span of 250 Martian days.
Because water is considered crucial to the possibility of past life on Mars, the mounting evidence of its wet past is of particular interest. Mars, now cold and desolate, long ago possessed a thicker atmosphere and warmer climate, allowing for liquid water on its surface.
On Earth, river deltas are places that concentrate sediments and create niches favourable to microbial life.
Scientists in 2025 announced that a sample of rock obtained by Perseverance in Jezero Crater contained a potential biosignature suggestive of ancient microbial life, though the minerals in the sample also can form through non-biological processes. The rock dated to roughly 3.2 to 3.8 billion years ago.
Perseverance since 2021 has been exploring Jezero Crater. Scientists believe river channels spilled over the crater wall and created a lake.
"It's very exciting that RIMFAX was able to provide such a detailed view of these deposits, and thus help solve the puzzle of their origin," UCLA planetary scientist and study co-author David Paige, also a member of the Perseverance rover science team, said of the new findings.
"This further cements the notion that ground-penetrating radar is indeed an extremely valuable new tool for studying planetary geology."
Chinese scientists in 2025 said ground-penetrating radar employed by China's Zhurong rover detected sub-surface evidence of what look like sandy beaches from the shoreline of an ocean that may have existed on the northern plains of Mars.
