During the conversation, Putin told Trump that Russia will have to respond to the Ukrainian drone attacks, the US president said.
Trump said the two men "discussed the attack on Russia's docked airplanes, by Ukraine, and also various other attacks that have been taking place by both sides".
"It was a good conversation, but not a conversation that will lead to immediate peace," he said in a Truth Social post.
Trump said he and Putin also discussed Iran.Â
Putin suggested he would participate in talks aimed at reaching a new nuclear deal with Iran, Trump said.
"I stated to President Putin that Iran cannot have a nuclear weapon and, on this, I believe that we were in agreement."
Russia said earlier on Wednesday that military options were "on the table" for its response to Ukrainian attacks deep inside Russia and accused Ukraine's allies of being involved in them.
UK and US officials have said they had no prior knowledge of the weekend Ukrainian attacks on Russian nuclear-capable long-range bombers and, separately, bridges that killed seven and injured 115 more.
